Modern Nursing Within Europe
It was because of the influence of Florence Nightingale that nursing as a profession became what it is today, though both Europe and the U.S. offered different advancements throughout the period leading up until now. As for Europe, the nursing profession flourished when, in 1860, Nightingale opened the very first nursing school in London, which was known as the Florence Nightingale School for Nurses. This helped to pave the way for more and more schools being founded and opened officially for prospective nurses to receive actual training and education for the field they were entering, thus providing roots for modern nursing.
While Florence Nightingale is one of the most popular nurses in history, it is not to be believed that she was the only notable figure in the field of nursing. In fact, there were a few others that helped to provide advancements to nursing in the 1800s. For instance, Clarissa Harlowe Barton was a nurse who founded the American Red Cross soon after the Civil War, while Linda Richards and Agnes Elizabeth Jones helped to create a number of nursing schools throughout the U.S. and Japan during the mid to late 1800s. These women worked tirelessly to provide high quality health care to anyone that needed it, providing the model for nursing that still exists today.
Diversity In Early Nursing Education
Diverse Schools
Howard University Training School for Nurses was established in 1893 to train African American nurses to care for the many Blacks who settled in Washington, DC after the Civil War. The school transferred to Freedmans Hospital in 1894 and by 1944 had 166 students . This rapid expansion was experienced by other African American nursing programs . Freedmans Hospital School transferred to Howard University in 1967 and graduated its last class in 1973. Howard University School of Nursing has offered a baccalaureate degree since 1974 and initiated a masters degree in nursing in 1980. After the Brown vs Board of Education decision in 1954, schools of nursing that served predominantly African American students began to decline and, by the late 1960s, nursing schools throughout the United States were fully integrated .
Sage Memorial Hospital School of Nursing opened in 1930 and was located in northeastern Arizona, at Ganado, 56 miles northwest of Gallup, New Mexico, in the heart of the Navajo Indian Reservation. It was part of Sage Memorial Hospital, built by the National Missions of the Presbyterian Church, which provided care for Native Americans .
Men in Nursing Education
Reports and Standards of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries
The Nursing School Pin
You may receive a nursing pin at graduation that symbolizes your school of nursing. Early nursing symbols were usually religious in nature. Today, many nursing school pins bear some religious symbol, such as a cross or a Star of David, even though the school may not be directly affiliated with a religious organization. The Nightingale lamp is also a common component of the nursing pin.
Key Concept Remember that as you embark on your nursing career you continue nursings history and heritage.
KEY POINTS
Medicine men and women and religious orders cared for the sick in early times.
Florence Nightingale contributed a great deal to the development of contemporary nursing.
Establishment of nursing schools in the United States began in the late 19 th century.
The first practical nursing school in the United States opened in 1892 in New York.
Nursing during the First and Second World Wars contributed to the professions and to womens evolving roles in society.
Many current societal and healthcare trends are influencing the nursing profession, including higher levels of client acuity in hospital settings, more community-based care, technological advances, changing lifestyles, greater life expectancy, changing nursing education, and more nursing autonomy.
Nursing insignia, such as those found on nursing school pins, often symbolize nursings history and heritage.
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Outcome Profile And Competencies
Which is the desired profile of a nursing graduate: someone with a strong and broad intellectual base , or someone who has mastered specific clinical skills ? The proponents of the first option argue that becoming a competent professional is a lifelong learning process thus, rather than concentrating on exhaustive detailed knowledge and specific competencies, education should provide the basic cognitive tools to support lifelong learning processes. Therefore, graduates should have a strong and broad intellectual base, which would give them the necessary flexibility and adaptability .
The side advocating a competency-based profile bases its arguments on data generated from 450 health organizations in the UK, and results from a large survey conducted among 84000 final-year nursing students and practitioners in that country. These data point out that newly qualified nurses do not possess the practical skills expected from them by employers and instead require constant support when performing basic nursing interventions . Such mounting evidence regarding deficiencies in graduates clinical preparation provoked a change toward a predominant competence-based profile .
To create a curriculum that is outcome- or competency-based , we must first precisely define the competencies.
A Brief History Of The School Of Nursing
Compassion is at the heart of the University’s mission, and it has been a critical part of our nursing curriculum from the beginning. We have an abiding philosophy to prepare nurses that have compassion for the people they serve. This philosophy makes a Duquesne nursing education unique. As we celebrate our first 80 years, School of Nursing alumni, students, faculty and staff can look back with satisfaction and deserved pride on our story. That story shows that Duquesne nurses have been, and will be, leaders at every level and in every facet of the profession of nursing.
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Influence Of The Bologna Process
The principal aim of the Bologna process is to bring about the convergence of higher education across the European Union by 2010 . Thus, it will lead to the unification of professional and higher nursing education and facilitate mobility of graduate nurses across the European Community. In addition, the process has provided the impetus to raise the educational status of nurses from diploma to graduate level across Europe. Reciprocal recognition of EU nursing qualifications will increase mobility and employment opportunities, alleviate shortages in some countries by redistributing the surplus in others, and allow more efficient use of the nursing workforce. The Bologna process will also offer more opportunities for undergraduate and post graduate study and research across Europe and for international collaborative research, in order to advance nursing knowledge and scholarship .
First Nursing Class Enrolls At Provident Hospital
As the first training opportunity for African American nurses, Chicagos Provident Hospital was founded in response to a prominent pastors sister being denied admission to the citys top nursing school due to her race. The project took on a board of trustees, a finance committee, and an executive committee in 1891. The following year, seven women enrolled in the hospitals first class of nurses.
Not only did Providents nursing school provide much-needed opportunities to women of color, the hospital also welcomed black physicians and patients. Dr. Austin Curtisone of the hospitals earliest physicians in surgical trainingwent on to become the first black surgeon-in-chief at D.C.s Freedmens Hospital.
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The National League Of Nursing Education Presents A Standard Curriculum
As the first professional nursing organization organized by women, the National League of Nursing Education was highly influential during the early 1900s.
In 1915, the league took a major step forward by presenting a standard curriculum, divided into seven major sections. Each of these areas involved at least two courses, which emphasized practices such as observation and experimentation.
Education Required Of A Nurse Today
While in the late 1800s and 1900s, those looking to become nurses would simply go to school and achieve certification in nursing, its now possible to attend nursing school and choose any number of degrees to graduate with. Heres a small look at what those are. For instance, in the U.S., you can choose to receive a diploma in nursing, which merely requires 3 years of study and a certain amount of hours of hospital-based work. This type of degree is the oldest such nursing degree and has been present since the late 1800s.
Today, students have the added option of choosing to pursue an associates degree in nursing, as well as a bachelors degree, masters degree, or even a doctorate degree in nursing. Each successive degree requires extra years of study, though also gives students better career opportunities within the field of nursing upon graduation, an advantage that only presented itself in the 1960s and 70s. Upon obtaining any one of these degree types, students will then have the opportunity of taking a licensure examination and becoming registered nurses.
While the role of nurses in the world has expanded dramatically within the last 2 centuries, its clear that nursing will continue to grow into an even more important aspect of the health care industry within the years to come.
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The First Nursing Schools
The influence of Florence Nightingale and the Kaiserswerth school extended to the United States when Pastor Fliedner came to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with four nurse-deaconesses. In 1849, he became involved with the Pittsburgh Infirmary, the first Protestant hospital in the United States. Today it is called Passavant Hospital. The four deaconesses trained other nurses and started the movement to educate American nurses. The Pittsburgh Infirmary was the first real school of nursing in the United States, although limited training existed in other hospitals in New York and Pennsylvania before 1849.
In 1873, three nursing programs based on the Nightingale plan were formally established: Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing in New York Connecticut Training School in New Haven and Boston Training School at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Post Wwi Nursing In Europe And Us
Many of the modern advancements in nursing took place after WWI and into WWII, when technology was starting to take a bigger role in the world. At the dawn of WWI, Britains nursing presence was striking low, with just over 10,000 nurses enrolled in the 2 premier military nursing services in the area, which included the Princess Marys Royal Air Force Nursing Service and Queen Alexandras Imperial Military Nursing Service.
The nurses enrolled in this service were sorted into Staff Nurses, Sister, Principal Matron and Matron-in-Chief. Despite the low presence of nurses in Britain at this time, the war created a resurgence throughout the country. For example, at the beginning of the war, it is estimated that there were just over 2,200 members within Queen Alexandras Nursing Service, while this number ballooned to well over 10,000 nurses by the conclusion of the war.
Within the U.S. and other countries, WWII proved even more beneficial in regards to how it pushed respective governments to provide more support for nursing. Within Britain, nurses involved in the QAIMNS service mentioned previously would travel with soldiers to the battlefront of every campaign Britain was involved in during the war. While nurses were not commissioned officers at the onset of the war, they were soon given the ability to gain rank, up to Brigadier, due to the fact that they largely faced the same horrific conditions as the soldiers themselves.
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Cnc Transformed Into Pakistan Nursing Council In 1952
The CNC would then be transformed into the Pakistan Nursing Council by the Pakistani Parliament in 1952. The PNC would be responsible to set up provincial examination boards, to issue a teaching license to the nursing institutes and to standardize the curriculum.
The PNC set itself in action by first restricting the admissions to only twice a year in April and in November, they abolished the classification of nurses and unified all of them into one.
In 1955, the College of Nursing was proposed under the USAâs Health and Sanitation Scheme. The college was affiliated with Karachi University and was given a temporary campus at Civil Hospital Karachi. Miss Catherine Hardeman, who was a nurse educator in the USA was given the position of Principal in the new college. Miss Virginia Arnold, who the chief nurse of Washington and Mrs. Begum Wazir joined the college as tutors. In 1957 the first batch of this college graduated consisting of seven girls. The college was then given a permanent campus in JPMC Karachi. In 1963 the PNC approved the curriculum designed by the college and in 1966 Mrs. Begum Wazir became the first national principal of the college.
Bachelor Of Science In Nursing Degree
In 1996 the American Association of Colleges of Nursing affirmed nursing’s place in American higher education by stating that the minimum educational requirement for professional nursing is the bachelor of science in nursing degree. B.S.N. programs are offered by four-year . Most generic B.S.N. programs are four academic years, although some students who have other responsibilities may choose to extend their programs. The term generic refers to a program designed for students studying nursing for the first time. By comparison, some B.S.N. programs have degree completion tracks for registered nurses and licensed practical nurses who have completed basic nursing programs in hospitals or community colleges. Some programs also offer tracks for individuals with bachelor’s degrees in other majors. B.S.N. programs must be approved by the state board of nursing.
A strong background in science, mathematics, and verbal skills is needed to succeed in nursing. The admission process varies among institutions but typical criteria include: official transcripts with a minimum grade point average of 2.0 SAT or ACT Assessment score, and TOEFL for foreign students essay and letters of recommendation. Some B.S.N. programs admit students directly into the major. Others admit students initially to the institution and require students to apply for admission to the major after completing prerequisite courses including the sciences.
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Common Nursing Jobs In The Current Industry
When looking at how the nursing profession has progressed since its inception when nurses were largely Catholic nuns to the bustling industry it is today, its important to understand that the reason for this occurring is due primarily to the added specialties that are current and prospective nurses could choose to focus in. As nursing is generally all about the care of a person, a nurses duties can cover a large variety of different practices. Some of the most common of these include pediatrics, neonatal, disabilities, womens health communities, family, and orthopedic nursing, among others. This allows for a huge amount of diversity within the field of nursing that has never use to be present before the last 50 or so years.
Nursing In The United States
Nursing in the colonial United States was primarily a family matter, with mothers caring for their own families or neighbors helping each other. Throughout the 19 th and 20th centuries, historical and nursing developments interacted to build the foundation of modern nursing practice. The establishment and growth of a system of nursing education is the most important development that has shaped todays nursing. Box 1-1 lists important milestones in the development of nursing in both the United States and Canada.
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Nursing In Peace And War
Despite family reservations, Nightingale was eventually able to enroll at the Institution of Protestant Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth in Germany for two weeks of training in July 1850 and again for three months in July 1851. There she learned basic nursing skills, the importance of patient observation, and the value of good hospital organization. In 1853 Nightingale sought to break free from her family environment. Through social connections, she became the superintendent of the Institution for Sick Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances, in London, where she successfully displayed her skills as an administrator by improving nursing care, working conditions, and efficiency of the hospital. After one year she began to realize that her services would be more valuable in an institution that would allow her to train nurses. She considered becoming the superintendent of nurses at Kings College Hospital in London. However, politics, not nursing expertise, was to shape her next move.
Brief History Of Nursing
Modern nursing has reinvented itself a number of times as health care has advanced and changed over the past 160 years. With more than four million members, the nursing profession represents the largest segment of the United States health care workforce. Nursing practice covers a broad continuum, including health promotion, disease prevention, coordination of care, and palliative care when cure is not possible. Nurses directly affect patient care and provide the majority of patient assessments, evaluations, and care in hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, schools, workplaces, and ambulatory settings. They are at the front lines in ensuring that patient care is delivered safely, effectively, and compassionately. Additionally, nurses attend to patients and their families in a holistic way that often goes beyond physical health needs and recognize social, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs.
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Shift Of Nursing Education To The University
The first known university-based education program for nurses was founded in the 1920s in New Zealand . It was not until the 1950s that such programs started to spread to North America, where the first was set up at the University of Minnesota. The 1965 position paper from the American Nurses’ Association recommended that education for all nurses take place in institutions of higher education, and that the minimum preparation for beginning professional nursing practice should be a baccalaureate degree education in nursing . In the 1980s, similar processes started in Australasia.
In Europe, the shift of nursing education to the universities was slow. The University of Edinburgh was the first European institution to offer a nursing degree in 1972. The new trends were readily accepted in Spain, which introduced the bachelors degree as the minimum requirement for entry into nursing in 1989. The UK and Ireland completed the shift to university-based education for the basic education of both nurses and midwives in 1996 .